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M.N. Clubwala v. Fida Hussain Saheb, 1964

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M.N. Clubwala v. Fida Hussain Saheb, (1964) 6 SCR 642, 651 This case interpretation/case summary is written by Ms. Swati Sharma a student at the Faculty of Law (Delhi University). If you also want to publish your articles or case interpretations/summaries, send your work to  niyamskanoon09@gmail.com . Case Details PETITIONER:  MRS. M. N. CLUBWALA AND ANR. Vs. RESPONDENT: FIDA HUSSAIN SAHEB AND ORS. DATE OF JUDGMENT: 03/02/1964 BENCH: MUDHOLKAR, J.R. SUBBARAO, K. CITATION: 1965 AIR 610 1964 SCR (6) 642 Introduction   The case of M.N. Clubwala v. Fida Hussain Saheb (1964) under the Delhi Rent Control Act is a landmark judgment that clarifies the distinction between a lease and a license and the jurisdiction of the Rent Controller. The primary issue in this case was whether the agreements between the landlord (M.N. Clubwala) and the shopkeepers (Fida Hussain Saheb) created a lease or a license.  Facts of the Case M.N. Clubwala (Landlord) used his building as market by
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Pradeep Kumar Biswas v. Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 2002

Pradeep Kumar Biswas v. Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 2002||Case Summary


Introduction 

  1. In Pradeep Kumar Biswas v. Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 2002 the Supreme Court reconsidered the decision of "Subhajit Tewary v. Union of India, 1975 in which the Court held that CSIR (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) does not come under the definition of "State" as CSIR is not an authority within the meaning of Article 12.

Facts 

  1. In Pradeep Kumar Biswas v. Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 2002 the appellant approached the Supreme Court through Special Leave Petition under Article 136 to challenge the termination of his service by the Respondent 1 which is a unit of CSIR.
  2. As a result, the two-judge bench of the Supreme Court referred this case to a Constitution Bench being of the view that the case of  Subhajit Tewary, 1975 required to reconsideration in which Subhajit, a Junior Stenographer filed a writ under Article 32 to claim equal remuneration with the newly recruited Stenographer to CSIR. In that case, the bench of 5 judges denied the benefits while stating that the writ under Article 32 is not maintainable.

Main Issue 

  1. Whether CSIR comes within the meaning of "the State" under Article 12  of the Constitution.
  2. Whether writ under Article 32 is maintainable against the Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, which is a unit of CSIR. 

Court Observation and Decision 

  1. Under Article 12 "the State" includes the Government and parliament of India, the Government and the Legislature of each of the States and all local or other authorities under the control of G.O.I within the territory of India. 
  2. The definition of "the State" under Article 12 is inclusive which means it has a liberal approach and includes many aspects. 
  3. In the famous case 'Rajasthan SEB v. Mohan Lal, 1969 and the Som Prakash Rekhi, 1981 the Court held that the expression 'other authorities' in the Article 12 will include all constitutional or statutory authority on whom power has been conferred by law. 
  4. J. Mathew said in Sukhdev Singh v. Bhagatram Sardar Singh Raghuwanshi, 1975 that the concept of "State" had undergone drastic changes in recent years.
  5. J. Mathew said about four indications to consider an agency under Article 12 the definition of "State" :
    1. Such an agency should have enough financial support from the government.
    2. Secondly, the operation of such an agency should be an important public function. Such an agency should act for the welfare of the public. 
  6. In the Ramana case, 1979 the Court summarised some points to consider an agency of the Government if : 
    1. Entire share capital of the corporation is managed by the government.
    2. The entire expenditure is handled by the Government.
    3. The Corporation is protected by the state.
    4. The functions are of public importance.
  7. CSIR has all the essential features to come under the category of "the State" under Article 12 of the Constitution for example : 
    1. The Government of India formed CSIR  to exercise administrative control over the work of the two research bodies already set up by the Department of Commerce.
    2. The work of CSIR was to promote, guide and coordinate scientific and industrial research in the India and it has been said in the Rajasthan SEB v. Mohan Lal case that bodies created to promote the educational and economic interest of the people come under the definition of the State.
    3. The Director General who is the ex-officio secretary of the Society is appointed by the Government of India and the Prime Minister is the ex-officio president of the society but the power being exercised by the prime minister is as president of the Society. 
    4. The budget estimates of the Society are to be prepared by the Governing Body as per the instructions of the Government of India.

Decision 

  1. The Court overruled the earlier decision of 5 judges bench and held that the CSIR comes under Article 12 the definition of 'State'. 
  2. Appeal Allowed. 

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Ashbury Railway Carriage and Iron Co. Ltd. v. Riche (1875)

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Workmen of Dimakuchi Tea Estate v. Dimakuchi Tea Estate, AIR 1958 SC 353

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Workmen of Dimakuchi Tea Estate v. Dimakuchi Tea Estate, AIR 1958 SC 353 Case Summary Introduction The case of Workmen of Dimakuchi Tea Estate v. Dimakuchi Tea Estate involved a dispute between the management of the Dimakuchi Tea Estate and its workers. This case has discussed and cleared the meaning of the expression "any person" used in S.2(K) of the Industrial Dispute Act, 1947. The Supreme Court ruled in favour of a limited interpretation of the term "any person" thereby excluding the present appellant from the ambit of the Industrial Disputes Act of 1947. This decision denied the jurisdiction of the Industrial Tribunal to adjudicate the dispute and extended the benefits and protections of the Act to the employers. Facts of the Case The dispute was raised over the termination of the service of Dr K.P. Banerjee, who was appointed as an Assistant Medical Officer in the Respondent's estate (Dimakuchi Tea Estate), on the grounds of being incompetent. Although th
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